"We wanted to know what they do when they're digging,how they decide how to dig if there's no central leader,"Goldman said.0 G5 x3 Q9 Z; m9 l6 ]2 ~# g
Goldman說“我們想知道當(dāng)他們?cè)谕诰虻臅r(shí)候做了什么，當(dāng)沒有中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的時(shí)候他們是怎么決定怎樣挖掘的”。
6 q& d, b1 k9 wFor You:Racism Runs Deep,Even Against Robots
0 s4 |9 I% U6 G對(duì)你而言：種族注意深入人心，甚至對(duì)機(jī)器人
6 R& w2 ~4 Z z# E3 JTo find out,the team get 30 fire ants,put dots of different colors on their abdomens,placed them in a container of wet glass particles,and watched them dig.The team present its results in a recent issue of Science.. {. @; b! A" X
為了找出答案，這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)捉了30只火蟻， 在他們的腹部畫上不同顏色的點(diǎn)，把它們放在有著濕玻璃顆粒的容器中，觀察他們挖掘。這個(gè)小組它研究結(jié)果刊登在最近的《科學(xué)》的問題中。3 j; `" O" N1 J' L; n
The ants didn't play tag team,work in alternating groups,or take turns in any other fashion.In fact,their strategy is quite simple:A handful of the ants did the work (about 30 percent)while the majority did nothing.
! ~: l/ `2 ?9 O i, \螞蟻沒有玩標(biāo)簽團(tuán)隊(duì)，工作在可交替的組中，以任何其他方式輪流。實(shí)際上，它們的策略相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單：少數(shù)螞蟻工作（大約百分之三十）然而多數(shù)螞蟻什么也不做。: X8 X3 A) m! Z% G' S
"Very few were doing any of the labor,"Goldman said."Over 48 hours,with a group of thirty ants,half never came to the tunnel."
0 p5 L- `0 h1 J( Q“很少的螞蟻?zhàn)鋈魏喂ぷ鳌�，Goldman說“超過48小時(shí)，一個(gè)30只螞蟻的團(tuán)隊(duì)，半數(shù)沒有進(jìn)隧道�！�
9 v: v% ^$ t$ j/ T; [When his team remove the five hardest working ants,five more stepped up to the plate to carry on the digging.. U9 y) n: J. E0 ?& D
當(dāng)他的團(tuán)隊(duì)移走了五個(gè)工作最努力的螞蟻，另外五只螞蟻爬到了平臺(tái)上繼續(xù)挖掘。# y; c/ y$ \! X, ?) y8 v7 E$ w
The strategy of minority servitude served the ants so well that Goldman decided to try it on a group of robots.
* k3 s' l- t/ X6 a少數(shù)奴役的策略為螞蟻很好的服務(wù)，于是Goldman決定在一組機(jī)器人上嘗試這個(gè)。
* R/ b: F. Y8 w! O: bThe robots,essentially oblong shells on wheels,resembled armadillos more than ants.Researchers placed them in a narrow channel with plastic valls on# @; [; Q+ l& M
one end that served as the soil.The robots would roll over to the balls with the intention of grabbing them,moving them,and relasing them with their* P/ W5 ^* e4 a( ]
gator-like jaws.Push switches on their shells would alert them to the presense of their fellow workers.
7 N; j6 ]6 N4 ~, i6 z這些機(jī)器人，事實(shí)上是輪子上帶有橢圓形的殼，類似犰狳而非螞蟻。研究者們吧它們放在一個(gè)狹窄的渠道里，渠道的一端是作為土壤的塑料球。機(jī)器人* S9 c1 ]. z" E' r5 C* u8 e3 G, [5 W' w
將翻滾到到球上，通過使用鱷魚般的下巴有意的抓取他們，移動(dòng)他們，釋放他們。打開它們殼上的開關(guān)將提醒他們同時(shí)的存在。
; T7 ~. |. }9 ^, wResearchers programmed the bots to follow one of the three strategies for removing the balls:"eager,""reversal,"and"lazy."
. J7 I; P5 O, }2 p) @研究者們給機(jī)器人編程遵循三個(gè)策略的其中之一去移走球：“急忙，”“翻轉(zhuǎn)，”和“懶惰�！�/ a+ j' u5 P0 Y& @. {1 U
Eager robots simply tried go to the dig site as much as possible without interference from their comrades,regardless of how many 7 C) h9 c1 D3 K* L( }
robots were already there.The strategy generated a traffic jams."when we applied a eager strategy,the robots would grind against - @, j0 |4 Y) C ]" x+ x
each other and suffer a lot of breakage,"Goldman said.$ \ w; \" @+ M( p+ X
急忙的機(jī)器人不管來自同伴的干擾而只是嘗試去盡可能的挖掘地皮，不管已經(jīng)有多少機(jī)器人在那兒了。這個(gè)策略形成了一次交通擁堵。" P: ^* H' B- e6 M) e+ q+ q
Goldman說："當(dāng)我們應(yīng)用急忙策略時(shí)，機(jī)器人會(huì)相互反制并且受到了很多破壞。"2 V5 Y. Q" }' d" L
Reversal robots would turn around and leave the site if they encountered other workers,but would soon return to try again.Lazy robots
& @% v! ?( Y4 u$ i/ w8 O- Kwere largely inactive and would only head to the site to dig occasionly.
, N8 b! a1 P3 ]如果他們遇到了其他工作者的話，翻轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)器人將會(huì)回轉(zhuǎn)并且離開地皮，但是不久會(huì)返回再次嘗試。懶惰的機(jī)器人大部分不活躍，只會(huì)偶爾去挖掘地皮。( |$ }! T I; c- J- q; d8 G8 S" x7 ^
When reversal-minded robots approached the balls and found another robot already at work they would turn around.This proved
5 t+ C7 @# q v* D4 @% ka relatively efficient scheme with no gridlock,but the work processed slowly.The lazy,ant-imitating robots,however,proved to be the
2 T7 q0 p9 ^7 _( K6 b; l" mfastest at completing the task.% q/ d5 l& x% J" i2 t+ O4 s
當(dāng)有翻轉(zhuǎn)思想的機(jī)器人接近球并且發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)有另一個(gè)機(jī)器人在工作時(shí)，他們將回轉(zhuǎn)。這種做法被證明是一種沒有堵塞的相當(dāng)有效的方案,4 d( }0 K8 Q; l% b* q& W
但是工作進(jìn)程慢。那些懶的，模仿螞蟻的機(jī)器人，然而，被證明完成工作是最快的。
, V/ j2 X& b4 S2 k3 ~' W+ jThe strategy could be essential for tommorow's hordes of rescue bots."Future swarm of robots that are moving through a complex- g! Y% U! p M% f
environment after a nuture disaster,or when a building has collapsed,will be getting in each other's way,"Goldman said."This is a story
# U# _) y: V& l0 O2 i, gabout how to work with uncertainly and unpredictability."" C6 B+ |% H# f0 T) \
這種策略會(huì)對(duì)將來的成群的救援機(jī)器人有效�！拔磥碓诘囊蝗簷C(jī)器人穿越一場(chǎng)自然災(zāi)害過后的復(fù)雜的環(huán)境，或者當(dāng)一棟倒塌后的大樓,將會(huì)
: q. K' h$ E; {" y- Q互相幫助，”Goldman說。“這是一個(gè)關(guān)于怎樣處理不確定性和無法預(yù)料性的故事�！�$ f& w# x5 h" i1 n3 _0 ]. S- S
In the story,robots that talk with each other could take turns or replace robots that lose power or wear out."But then you have to know
: r+ }" |: ~( fwhat everyone else is doing,"Goldman said.This woud require the technology and programming for higher levers of communication.(As it
. {' _0 |/ g4 }, Z7 b" P* d* Zhappens,no one knows how ant chose which 30 percent does the work.)But having "lazy",autonomous robot,could keep things lean and , o7 h1 C2 m0 o) p
efficient.# F+ t) U/ T: ?1 M# b/ S. ^- x8 R) }% u
在這個(gè)故事中，機(jī)器人可以互相交流能回轉(zhuǎn)或者替代沒有電或者電力不足的機(jī)器人�！暗悄惚仨氈浪衅渌嗽诟墒裁�，”Goldman說。
" P, M {/ D; C' A這樣就需要技術(shù)和編程更高等級(jí)的交流。（當(dāng)它發(fā)生的時(shí)候,沒人知道螞蟻是怎樣選擇哪30個(gè)做這個(gè)工作。）但是有了“懶的”，自主性機(jī)器人,
9 z/ _9 _7 B" b) W- O3 a: E; {- g6 Y可以保持精益和高效。5 `1 \& C" w: C4 v s: X
+ M- E( J2 V4 ~' ]& e6 K
/ h& f$ }; A5 |$ Q, e! \
Michael Abrams is an independent writer
5 U4 N( g1 Z0 ?/ [$ y M摘自：https://www.asme.org/engineering ... e-ants-get-job-done
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