金屬材料抗接觸疲勞性能的優(yōu)劣,主要是以試樣或零件接觸表面層某一單元體,在某一應(yīng)力水平下運轉(zhuǎn)至疲勞剝落所承受的應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù)(疲勞壽命)作為判據(jù)。因此,判據(jù)是否可靠,除了其它試驗因素嚴(yán)格控制外,試樣受力的均勻性和穩(wěn)定性是一個重要的因素,即試樣接觸表面層的每一個單元體,每承受一次應(yīng)力循環(huán),其應(yīng)力幅值應(yīng)基本相同或接近,這樣所得的試驗結(jié)果作為在某一應(yīng)力水平下的疲勞壽命才是準(zhǔn)確可靠的。 推力片試驗機的接觸原理,可以簡化為一個半徑為r的鋼球與一個平面(半徑為file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif)相接觸。根據(jù)赫茲理論在軸向力P的作用下,由于彈性變形,鋼球與平面的點接觸,變成橢圓面接觸,即橢圓面的長短半軸相等,其接觸應(yīng)力分布示意圖如圖2所示,圖中file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif為最大接觸應(yīng)力,file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif為接觸橢圓的短半軸。鋼球沿滾動中心公轉(zhuǎn)一圈,試樣表面接觸帶寬度為file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif,觸帶中心每一單元體承受最大接觸壓應(yīng)力一次。若一個或若干個鋼球準(zhǔn)確不變地沿滾動中心連續(xù)滾動,試樣的接觸帶和每個單元體所承受的壓應(yīng)力也均保持不變,直到試樣疲勞破壞為止,這樣所得的疲勞數(shù)據(jù)是準(zhǔn)確可靠的。 file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif ! N% b: Y7 D8 a$ w" l8 d. ^8 I- B
圖2 鋼球接觸應(yīng)力 若試驗過程中,由于試驗機和陪試件的精度較差,或同軸度較差造成鋼球的滾動中心不重合,試樣的接觸應(yīng)力分布和接觸寬度均會發(fā)生變化,如圖2所示,若鋼球的滾動中心相差file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif,試樣接觸帶寬度就增大到file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif,這樣接觸帶中心file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif處單元體所受接觸應(yīng)力就由file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif降低至file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif,file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif、file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif處單元體所受接觸應(yīng)力在file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif與file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif之間變化,file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif越大,所受接觸應(yīng)力相差就越大,接觸帶就越寬。當(dāng)file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif時,試樣上就出現(xiàn)雙接觸帶或交叉接觸帶,即鋼球滾動一圈,某些單元體不承受接觸壓應(yīng)力;當(dāng)file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif時,試驗過程中試樣出現(xiàn)寬接觸帶,兩個滾動中心file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif和file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif所受接觸應(yīng)力在file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif與file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif之間無序變化,而在file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif和file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif中心處的file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif值則保持不變,其接觸應(yīng)力的變化范圍可由下列公式計算: file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(1) file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(2) file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(3) file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥(4) 式中: file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif—由于鋼球滾動中心不重合,在file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif和file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif處所受的低幅接觸應(yīng)力 kgf/mm2 file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif—實際接觸帶中心(file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif)處所受接觸應(yīng)力 kgf/mm2 R—鋼球半徑 mm B—實際接觸帶寬度 mm file:///C:/DOCUME~1/ADMINI~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif—鋼球滾動中心距 mm 3 k4 i' x2 U6 _
1)試樣的形狀和尺寸: 推力片試樣:φ35mm/φ52mm 鋼球(陶瓷球)直徑范圍:φ8~φ25mm 2)試驗載荷: 0.2~20kN,控制精度±2%F.S 3)轉(zhuǎn)速: 300~3000r/min, 控制精度±1%F.S 4) 主軸徑向跳動:≤0.01mm 4)測量參數(shù): 載荷、速度、溫度、電流和振動 5)控制方式: 自動控制
: i+ p. W5 ^! H7 C7 o6)主機功率:3kW & b" _; Y& r; |6 r
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